Schengen Area
The Schengen Area is the area comprising 26 European countries that have abolished passport and any other type of border control at their common borders, also referred to as internal borders. It mostly functions as a single country for international travel purposes, with a common visa policy. The Area is named after the Schengen Agreement. Countries in the Schengen Area have eliminated internal border controls with the other Schengen members and strengthened external border controls with non-Schengen states. The Schengen area encourages the free movement of goods, information, money and people.
Twenty-two of the twenty-eight European Union (EU) member states participate in the Schengen Area. Of the six EU members that do not form part of the Schengen Area, four – Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus and Romania – are legally obliged and wish to join the area, while the other two – Ireland and the United Kingdom – maintain opt-outs. All four European Free Trade Association (EFTA) member states – Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland – have signed the Schengen Agreement, even though they are outside the EU. In addition, three European microstates – Monaco, San Marino, and the Vatican – can be considered as de facto within the Schengen Area, as they do not have border controls with the Schengen countries that surround them; but they have not officially signed documents that make them part of Schengen. The Schengen Area currently has a population of over 400 million people and an area of 4,312,099 square kilometres (1,664,911 sq mi)
History
Main article: Schengen Agreement
The Schengen Agreement was signed on 14 June 1985 by five of the ten EU member states.[2] The Schengen Area was established outside of the then European Community, when consensus could not be reached among all of its member states on the abolition of border controls.
In 1990, the Agreement was supplemented by the Schengen Convention which proposed the abolition of internal border controls and a common visa policy.[3] The Agreements and the rules adopted under them were entirely separate from the EU structures, and led to the creation of the Schengen Area on 26 March 1995.[4]
As more EU member states signed up to join the Schengen Area, agreement was reached on absorbing it into the EU. The Agreement and related conventions were incorporated into the mainstream of European Union law by the Amsterdam Treaty in 1997, which came into effect in 1999. A consequence of the Agreement being part of European law is that any amendment and regulation is made within its processes, to which the non-EU members are not participants. The UK and Ireland could not accept abolishing border controls, but were given a full opt-out from the agreement. The Nordic members required Norway and Iceland to be included, which was accepted, and so a consensus could be reached.
Membership
The Schengen Area currently consists of 26 states, including 4 which are not members of the European Union (EU). Two of the non-EU members, Iceland and Norway, are part of the Nordic Passport Union and are officially classified as states associated with the Schengen activities of the EU.[5]Switzerland was subsequently allowed to participate in the same manner in 2008. Liechtenstein joined the Schengen Area on 19 December 2011.[6]De facto, the Schengen Area also includes three European micro-states, Monaco, San Marino and the Vatican City, that maintain open or semi-open borders with other Schengen member countries.[7] Two EU members – Ireland and the United Kingdom – have negotiated opt-outs from Schengen and continue to operate the Common Travel Area systematic border controls with other EU member states.
The remaining four EU member states, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus and Romania, are obliged to eventually join the Schengen Area. However before fully implementing the Schengen rules, each state must have its preparedness assessed in four areas: air borders, visas, police cooperation, andpersonal data protection. This evaluation process involves a questionnaire and visits by EU experts to selected institutions and workplaces in the country under assessment
Austria (area km)83,871 (population) 8,414,638 28 (signed) April 1995 (date of first implementation) 1 December 1997
43,094 -5,564,219 -19 December 1996 - 25 March 2001
551,695 - 63,929,000 - 14 June 1985 - 26 March 1995
41,526 - 16,703,700 - 14 June 1985 - 26 March 1995
385,155 - 5,063,709 - 19 December 1996 -18 May 1999 -25 March 2001
Poland 312,683 - 38,186,860 - 16 April 2003 - 21 December 2007
Portugal 92,391 - 10,647,763 - 25 June 1991 - 26 March 1995
Slovakia 49,037 5,440,078 16 April 2003 - 21 December 2007
Slovenia 20,273 2,048,951 16 April 2003 - 21 December 2007
Spain(with special provisions for Ceuta and Melilla
506,030 - 46,030,109 - 25 June 1991 - 26 March 1995
Sweden 449,964 - 9,415,570 - 19 December 1996 - 25 March 2001
Switzerland 41,285 - 7,866,500 - 26 October 2004 - 12 December 2008
Schengen Area 4,189,111 - 417,597,460 - 14 June 1985 - 26 March 1995
Poland 312,683 - 38,186,860 - 16 April 2003 - 21 December 2007 Portugal 92,391 - 10,647,763 - 25 June 1991 - 26 March 1995 Slovakia 49,037 5,440,078 16 April 2003 - 21 December 2007 Slovenia 20,273 2,048,951 16 April 2003 - 21 December 2007 Spain(with special provisions for Ceuta and Melilla506,030 - 46,030,109 - 25 June 1991 - 26 March 1995
Sweden 449,964 - 9,415,570 - 19 December 1996 - 25 March 2001 Switzerland 41,285 - 7,866,500 - 26 October 2004 - 12 December 2008 Schengen Area 4,189,111 - 417,597,460 - 14 June 1985 - 26 March 1995
შენგენის ზონა (ლურჯად), მომავალი წევრები (მწვანედ)
შენგენის ზონა
შენგენის ზონაში შედის ევროპის 26 სახელმწიფო,რომლებმაც 1985 წელს ქალაქ შენგენში (ლუქსემბურგი) ხელი მოაწერეს ხელშეკრულებას. შენგენის ზონა ჰგავს ერთგვარ სახელმწიფოს, რომელიც შეიქმნა საერთაშორისო ტურისტულ ზონისათვის, რომლის გარე საზღვრები მკაცრად კონტროლდება, ხოლო შიგნით საპასპორტო შემოწმება არ ხორციელდება.
ეს წესები შეიმუშავა 1999 წლის ევროკავშირის ქვეყნების ამსტერდამის შეხვედრამ. გარდა ამისა შენგენის ხელშეკრულება მოქმედებს სამ ევროკავშირის არაწევრ ქვეყანაში: ისლანდიაში, ნორვეგიასა და შვეიცარიაში და დე-ფაქტოდ სამ მიკრო-სახელმწიფოში: მონაკოში, სან-მარინოში და ვატიკანში. ევროკავშირის ყველა ქვეყანამ გარდა დიდი ბრიტანეთისა და ირლანდიის, შეასრულა დანაპირები და შევიდა შენგენის ზონაში. გამონაკლისია კვიპროსი, რუმინეთი და ბულგარეთი, რომლებიც უახლოეს მომავალში შევლენ კავშირში. ამ დროისათვის შენგენის ხელშეკრულება მოიცავს: 25 ქვეყანას, 4 312 099 კვ. კმ. და 400 მილიონ მოსახლეს.
შენგენის ხელშეკრულებამ დაადგინა რომ შიდა, სახელმწიფოებს შორის საზღვრები გაუქმებულიყო. ხოლო გარე საზღვრები გამაგრებულიყო. ასევე ქვეყნები ვალდებულნი არიან რომ ერთიანი პილიტიკა შეიმუშავონ მიგრანტების მიმართ, რაც მოითხოვს მონაცემთა საერთო ბაზისა და საერთო საპოლიციო-სასამართლო სისტემის შექმნას
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